Masu karatu, cikin yardan Allah, yau za mu fara tunkudo muku littafin Dakta Adnan Abdulhamid na Kwalejin Ilmi da ke Kano, malami a fannin Ilmin Kasa (Geography). Wannan littafi mai take: "Why Astronomy? - Personal Experience of a Muslim Geographer," littafi ne da marubucin ya rubuta tarihin gwagwarmayar da ya sha don ganin ya karanta fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya, watau "Astronomy," da irin fahimtarsa da ta addini, kan abin da ya shafi wannan fanni. Na nemi izninsa don fassara wannan littafi saboda bugawa a wannan shafi, ya kuma amince. Don haka za mu fara tunkudo littafin daga yau. Muna mika godiyarmu ga Dakta Yusuf Adamu na Jami'ar Bayero, wanda ya taimaka wajen sada mu da marubucin wannan littafi. A sha karatu lafiya.
BABI NA DAYA - Mabudin Kunnuwa
Tun ina yaro dan karami nake sha’awan kwanciya rigingine a kasa, cikin duhun daren karkara irin ta Afirka, ina lura da taurarin da ke warwatse suna ta kyalli a cikin sama. Wasu lokuta in yi ta tunanin ina cewa, "ina ma a ce ni tsuntsu ne in rika tashi ina shawagi a sama, in ma ta kama, in samu karin fika-fikai da za su riskar da ni ga tauraro mafi kusanci da ni!" Na tuna sa'adda nake dan shekaru shida ko bakwai, na taba lura da wani tauraro da ya keto daga sama, mai dogon wutsiya, sai kace wata doguwar sanda. “Me ye wannan kuma?”, na tambaya. Sai gwaggo na tayi caraf da amsa: “wata tauraruwa ce mai wutsiya, kuma hakan na nufin wani mummunar abu zai faru kenan”. Da na dage da tambaya kan wannan tauraruwa, sai aka ce mini wani abu ne mummuna zai faru a duniya. Wannan lamari ya faru ne cikin shekarar 1966. Daidai wannan lokaci ne aka kashe Sardauna Firimiyar Jihar Arewa na farko, tare da Firanministan Najeriya, Sa Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Daga nan kuma sai Yakin Basasa ya barke nan take.
Ban sani ba, ashe ranar 20 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 1969 an harba kumboApollo 11 zuwa duniyar wata. Wannan shi ne karon farko da kasar Amurka tayi nasara kan wannan aiki da Neil Armstrong ya shugabanta. Daidai wannan lokaci ne har wa yau, aka yi wa shugaba John F. Kennedy kisan gilla. Tun sannan na rike sunan kumbo Apollo 11 a bakina, ba tare da sanin abinda hakan ke nufi ba.Na yi ta kwaikwayon marigayi Mamman Shata cikin wakar da yayi wa kumboApollo 11, duk sa'adda aka sanya wakar a gidan rediyo. Alhaji Mamman Shata ya yi ta yabon wadanda ke cikin wannan kumbo da ya fara zuwa duniyar wata. Daga baya, wajen shekarun 1970s, sai ga Muhammad Gawo daga Jumhuriyar Nijar da shahararriyar wakarsa mai sabanin ra’ayi kan tafiyar da Apollo 11 yayi zuwa duniyar wata. Wakar Muhammad Gawo ta yi tasiri matuka wajen sauya wa mutane tunani, inda har wasu ke tunanin wannan tafiyar da kumbo Apollo 11 yayi ba gaskiya bace. Kai, har yanzu cikin masana akwai masu shakkar ingancin labaran da ke tabbatar da wannan tafiya ta Apollo 11.
A kullum na kan nemi gamsasshen bayani kan fasarar duk abin da na gani a sararin samaniya. Musulmi kan yi amfani da taurari guda uku da ke jere a gabas-maso-yammacin duniya ne don gano alkibla. Haka tauraron nan mai sunaGamzaki da ke fitowa a duk asuba - tsakanin karfe hudu zuwa biyar na safe – bayyanarsa alama ce da ke nuna lokacin sallar asuba ya shigo. Jinjirin wata, tare da makwabciyarsa Zarah mai kyalli, da kuma taurarin da ake cillo su cikin dare dauke da tartsatsin haske a sararin samaniya, duk suna cikin abubuwan da mutanen karkaranmu ke lura da su.
Na yi tambayoyi masu yawa lokacin yarinta na. Amma ba na samun amsoshin da ke gamsar da ni. Sau tari sai gwaggo na ta rika kwaba na da kalmar “idon matambayi," wanda a fahimta ta hakan na nufin “Yi shiru, ka cika surutu!” Idan aka yi sa’a mahaifina yana nan, sai ya ce musu “Ku barshi yayi tambaya mana."Na kan so samun gamsassun hujjoji tare da amsar duk abin da na tambaya.Misali, na taba tambayar wani dan uwana kan wani gungun taurari da nake gani a sama, sai kawai ya ce mini, “Kaza ce da ‘ya’yanta a kewaye”. Sai ya sake nuna mini wani gungun taurarin, ya ce, “Wadancan kuma garken shanu ne.” Sai nayi ta mamakin ta yaya kaji ko shanu za su iya haurawa zuwa wannan wuri mai nisa haka? Me yasa wadannan taurari suke yin kyalli? Da dai sauran tambayoyi makamantansu.
Haka kuma, nakan so fita yawo tare da mahaifina, musamman idan zai tafi gona.Shi kam yana iya jure kowace irin tambaya nayi masa. Wasu lokuta sai ya kece da dariya idan nayi masa tambayar shirme. Yakan ba ni amsoshi sabanin irin wadanda gwaggo ke ba ni, idan nayi musu tambaya iri daya. Sai daga baya na fahimci dalili. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ilmin addini da yake da shi. Ya tara nagartaccen ilmin addinin musulunci. Domin ina yawan ganinsa kewaye da mutane masu dauke da littattafai, shi kuma yana zaune a tsakinyarsu, yana karantar da su. Wannan tasa ni ma na fara sha’awar zama malami.
Na kan lura da tazarar nisa da ke tsakanina da karshen gonarmu, sai in ga kamar kasa ta hade da sama tare da launukan bakan gizo da ke bayyana. Na yi ta mamakin yadda ake samun duhu cikin dare, tare da haske mai dauke da launuka da dama da ke haskakawa lokacin yini. Sai in yi ta tambayar kaina da ma sauran mutane, "Wai ta yaya haka ke kasancewa ne?
Ilmin Sararin Samaniya a Mahangar Musulmai
Sai daga baya na fahimci cewa ashe taurari halittun Allah ne. Na gane hakan ne ta hanyar ilimi da kuma tarbiyyar musulunci. Halittu ne su masu biyayya ga umarnin Allah. An kuma halicce su ne kamar yadda aka halicci sauran ‘yan Adam. Sai dai duk da haka, babu wani cikin taurari ko wata ko rana, da ke yin tasiri wajen sauya abin da Allah Ya kaddara kan mutane ko sauran dabbobin da ke doron wannan kasa. Yin amfani da halittun da ke sama (rana ko wata ko taurari) wajen fassara abin da ke faruwa ga halittu, shi ake kira Ilmin Taurari(Ashraf, 2001:45). A na shi bangaren, Haque-Copilah (N.D) ya tabbatar da bambancin da ke tsakanin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya (Astronomy), da kuma Ilmin Taurari (Astrology), inda ya fito da abin fili, yace: “Tabbatar da bambancin da ke tsakanin ilmin sararin samaniya da ilmin taurari abu ne mai matukar muhimmanci, domin da yawa cikin mutane sun dauka ma’anarsu daya ne. Duk da yake ba nesa suke da juna ba. “Ilmin Sararin Samaniya” nau’i ne na ingantaccen ilmin kimiyya, kuma halal ne a koye shi, shi kuma ilimin taurari jabun ilmin kimiyya ne, kuma haram ne. Ilmin Sararin samaniya ya kunshi ilmin sammai ne, da kuma fahimtar tsarin da ke tafiyar da dabi’un duniyoyin da ke cikinsu, da gungun taurari da ma duniyar baki daya. A daya bangaren kuma, Ilmin Taurari na amfani ne da yanayi ko dabi’un halittun da ke sararin samaniya (taurari da wata da sauran duniyoyi) wai don gano tasirinsu a kan kaddarar da Allah Ya tsara wa mutane. Har yanzu ba a taba samun wani cin karo tsakanin karantarwar Ilmin Sararin samaniya, da karantarwar Kur’ani mai girma ba.”
Duk da yake wasu lokuta faruwar abubuwa kan dace da wani yanayi. Kamar yadda tarihin musulunci ya karantar da mu, lokacin da Ibrahim, dan Manzon Allah (tsira da amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) ya rasu, sai kuma hakan ya dace da lokacin da rana ta yi husufi. Wannan tasa mutane suka ta rade-radin cewa hakan ya faru ne don rasuwarsa. Nan take Annabi ya kawar da wannan mummunar fahimta, cewa wannan husufi bai da nasaba da rasuwar dansa ko kadan. Inda ya rika cewa, “Hakika, rana da wata ba su yin husufi don mutuwar wani ko don rayuwarsa.” Don haka Ilmin Taurari ba ilimin kimiyya bane ko kadan; wani ilimi ne da ya samo asali daga miyagun akidu da al’adu. Al-Kur’ani mai girma ya sanar damu alakar da ke tsakanin masu Ilmin taurari (bokaye) da kuma shedanun da ke labarta musu dan tsakuren abin da suka fahimta daga wahayin da suke zuwa satan jinsa a cikin sammai. Inda kuma a karshe ake jefo wadannan shedanu da wasu taurari masu harshen wuta. Allah Madaukakin sarki ya ce:
“Kuma hakika mun kawata samar duniya da fitillu, kuma muka sanya su abin jifa ga shedanu. Kuma mun tanada musu azabar Sa’ir…” (Sura 67:5, haka kuma a sura ta 37:6-11, da kuma 15:16-18).
Hanyoyin da suke bi wajen tara bayanansu galibi ba su wuce kintanci-fadi da zaton karya mai dauke da yaudara. Don haka, addinin musulunci ya yi na'am da Ilmin Sararin samaniya, amma bai yarda da Ilmin Taurari ba. Allah Ya ce:
“Suna tambayarka dangane da jira-jiran wata, kace: ‘lokatai ne domin mutane da kuma haji…” (Sura 2: 189).
Al-Kur’ani mai girma a cike yake da tsarin nazari kan sammai. Ga ayoyi nan birjik masu kiran dan Adam zuwa yin dubi da izna da tunani cikin halittun sararin samaniya don ganin irin kawa da kuma kimtsin da Allah ya yi musu. Bucaille (1976:135-151) ya gano ayoyi sama da hamsin cikin Kur’ani masu magana kan halittun da ke sararin samaniya da duniyar ma gaba daya. A karshe yake cewa:
“A nan ma, ba karamin abin sha’awa bane, musamman idan aka gwama bayanan da Kur’ani ya yi da bayanan Kimiyyar Zamani a bangare daya, da kuma bayananda ko kadan ba a hada su da tunanin mutumin da yayi rayuwa shekaru dubu daya da dari hudu da suka gabata, a daya bangaren.”
Ba ma Ilimin Sararin samaniya kadai ba, hatta Ilimin Duniya a dunkule (Cosmology) ma musulunci ya sanshi. Shi ne ilmin da ya kumshi halittar duniya gaba daya da dukkan abin da ke cikinta. Shi ne dadadden nau’in kimiyyar da manyan littattafan sama guda uku suka karantar: Attaura, da Linjila da kuma Kur’ani.
Halittar sammai da kasa gaba dayansu da abin da suke dauke da shi, duk sun samu ne cikin ikon Allah. Kur'ani ya yi bayani kan taurari, da rana, da wata, da irin tsarin da duniya ke gudanuwa a ciki, mai ban al'ajabi. A zamanin yau, fannin Ilmin Duniya a Dunkule (Cosmology) ya zama wani bangare ne cikin fannin Ilmin Kimiyya, kuma shi ne ke lura da tarihin abubuwan da suka faru tun shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata. Wannan kalma wadda a turance ake kira "Cosmology", ta samo asali ne daga kalmomi guda biyu cikin harshen Girka; 'Kosmos' wadda ke nufin 'tsari', da 'kintsuwa', da 'duniya,' da kuma Kalmar 'Logos' mai nufin 'bincike' ko 'tattaunawa' (kan wani abu). Don haka, a takaice dai abin da kalmarCosmology ke nufi shi ne Ilmin duniya gaba dayanta.
A warware kuma, wannan fanni na bayani ne kan buruji ko masaukan taurari, da ranar karshe, da abin da zai faru ga dukkan taurari, da wannan duniyar tamu, da wata, da ma yadda duniyar gaba daya za ta kasance a karshe. Dukkan wadannan halittu Allah ne ya halicce su, kuma gaba dayansu duk za su gushe a karshe; kuma gare shi za a tayar da dukkan rayuka don ya yi musu hisabi.Sannan bayan haka, an umarci dukkan musulmi da su yi dubi zuwa ga sama, su zurfafa tunani kan tsarin halittarta don su dada fahimtarsu dangane da girman Ubangiji Mahalicci. Akwai ayoyin Kur'ani masu yawa da suka zo kan haka.
Kur'ani mai girma ya sifata tsarin halittar duniya baki daya, kuma wajibi ne a ilmantar da kananan yara don su fahimci tsarin halittar Ubangiji mai ban mamaki da ke gewaye da su. A lokacin da mutum ke karami ba zai fahimci wadannan ayoyi ba, saboda an saukar da Kur'ani ne cikin harshen Larabci. Amma abu ne mai sauki idan aka saurari tafsirin malamai. Kamar sauran kananan yara, na samu daman karanta Kur'ani tun ina dan karami, kuma na fahimci mahangar musulunci dangane da halittar duniya gaba dayanta. A takaice ma dai, na iya cewa wannan na daga cikin abin da yayi tasiri matuka wajen sanya mini sha'awar fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya. Na dada samun karfin gwiwa a lokacin da malamina mai suna Malam Zakariya ya sanar da ni cewa, "Idan kana son sanin Allah, to ka kalli sama, za ka ga abubuwan mamaki da al'ajabi." Kuma wannan shi ne abin da Allah ya fada cikin Kur'ani. A takaice na iya cewa addinin Musulunci ne ya kara mini kwarin gwiwa kan wannan fanni.
Gudunmawar Malaman Musulunci
Kur'ani mai girma ya tabbatar cikin ayoyi masu dinbin yawa cewa, halittar duniya baki daya aya ce da ke nuna samuwar Ubangiji. Bayan haka, ni'ima ce cikin ni'imomin da Ubangiji ya bai wa bayinsa. Kur'ani ya tabbatar da cewa duniya gaba dayanta an halicce ta ne da gaskiya, ba don wargi ko wasa ba. Don haka, koyon Ilmin Sararin Samaniya, wanda yana daya daga cikin nau'in ilmin kimiyya, ba abu bane na wasa; hanya ce ta koyon tarbiyya da imani. In kuwa haka ne, wajibi ne duk mai koyonsa ya kyautata manufa da niyyarsa.
Sai bayan na girma ne na ci karo da littattafan tarihin musulunci masu dauke da bayanai kan gudunmawar da Malaman musulunci suka bayar wajen ci gaban fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya. Wannan ci gaba kuwa ya samo asali ne ta hanyar Malaman musulunci da suka yi rayuwa a kasashen Larabawa, da kuma wadanda suka rayu a daular Andalus tun cikin karni na takwas miladiyya, a birnin Kodoba(Townson, 1973:12). Duk da haka, tarihi ya nuna cewa Ilmin Sararin Samaniya ya samo asali ne daga Jazirar Larabawa.
Malaman musulunci masana Kimiyya sun kwankwadi ilmin fannin Sararin Samaniya ne daga zamanin da ya biyo zuwan musulunci; musamman daga birninMesopotamia, da daular Fasha, da Indiya, da kuma daular Sin, wadanda suka kware cikin wannan fanni na Ilmin Sararin Samaniya. Wadannan dauloli da suka yi zamani kafin zuwan musulunci sun yi amfani ne da Ilmin Taurari da kuma jabun ilmin sararin samaniya. Har wa yau, Malaman Musulunci sun fara amfani ne da kayayyakin binciken sararin samaniya na da, wadanda aka gada daga daulolin Indiya da Sin. Aristatalis ne ya fara yin sharhi kan rubuce-rubucen babban malamin falsafalan nan na daular Girka – wanda ya yi da'awar cewa dukkan taurari suna tsaye ne daura da wannan duniya, kuma ba su motsawa. Bayan shi kuma sai Fakhr Al-Din al-Razi, wanda yayi zamani a karni na goma sha uku. Al-Razi ya tabbatar da cewa babu dalili cikin wannan zance na Aristatalis da ke cewa taurari ba su motsawa (Al-Faruqi, 1986:332).
A yanzu dai ga wasu daga cikin gudunmawar da Malaman Musulunci suka bayar wajen habaka fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya a duniya:
Ø Sun tsarkake fannin ilmin taurari, wanda a baya yake cike da miyagun akidun Girkawa. Sannan suka samar wa duniya wata sabuwar mahanga a fannin ilmin lissafi. Su suka kirkiro fannin al-jabru (Algebra), su suka samar da sifili (duk da cewa Indiyawa ne suka kirkiri wannan alama, amma Malaman Musulunci ne suka fara amfani da shi wajen lissafi).
Ø Babban ci gaban da suka samar a fannin ilmin Sararin Samaniya shi ne ilmin sarrafa haske (Optics Science) wanda Ibn al-Haitham ya bullo da shi a shekarar 1039 miladiyya. Kuma wannan kokari da yayi ne ya bayar da daman kirkirar na'urar hangen nesa, watau Telescope.
Ø Su suka kirkiri gilashin sarrafa launuka cikin haske, watau Prismatic Glass, wanda a karshe bayan bincike ya ci gaba, aka yi amfani da shi wajen kirkiro na'urar gano bigire da tsarin taurari a sararin samaniya, don ci gaba da bincike kansu.
Ø Sun kirkiro agogon karfe (Pendulum) don kidayan lokaci, wanda ke nuna lokaci fiye da agogon yashi da Larabawa suka yi amfani da shi a baya. Wannan kokari ne kuma ya zaburar da masana wajen kirkirar agogon zamani, da kuma bai wa lokaci wani matsayi na musamman a fannin ilmin Sararin Samaniya. Bayan haka, Al-Khawaarizmi ne ya kirkiri Jadawalin Gano Bigiren Halittun Sasannin Sama, watau Table of Calculating the Positions of Heavenly Bodies.
Ø Cikin shekarar 772 miladiyya ne Muhammad Ali Ibn Musa al-Astrolabi, tare da wasu masana, suka kirkiro Na'urar Lissafin Sasannin Kasa da Kusurwowinta(Latitude and Longitude), tare da gano lissafin tazara da bigiren da rana da wata da taurari suke.
Ø Malaman Musulunci ne suka kirkiri Na'urar Gano Jihohin Duniya, watau Magnetic Compass (Al-Faruqi, 1986:330).
Ø Shaikhul Islam Ahmad Ibn Taimiyyah ne, kamar yadda Sheikh Ibn Uthaimeen ya ruwaito daga gare shi, ya tabbatar da cewa husufin wata kan auku ne cikin daren 14 ga wata, kusufin rana kuma kan auku a daren 29 ko 30 cikin watanni, kamar yadda ya rubuta cikin littafinsa.
BABI NA BIYU
Wata Mahanga Mai Fadi
Sai bayan da na shiga Sakandare ne na dada fahimtar hakikanin bambancin da ke tsakanin Ilmin Taurari (Astrology) da Ilmin Sararin Samaniya (Astronomy).Hakan kuwa ya faru ne daga lokacin da Malam Ali, watau malamin da ke karantar da mu fannin Ilmin Kasa (Geography) ya fara karantar da mu. Watarana muna zaune a aji, sai Malam Ali ya shigo, ya sa hannu cikin jakarsa ya fita mana da wata jarida, sannan ya fara, "A yau za mu yi bakuwa," sai ya dan yi shiru, sannan ya ci gaba da cewa, "Tauraruwar Halley mai wutsiya za ta ziyarci sararin samaniyar wannan duniya ta mu." "Me ake nufi kuma da Tauraruwa mai Wutsiya?" wani daga cikin dalibai ya tambaya. Daga nan sai Malam ya fara bayani. Ya ce akwai wasu buraguzai da ke shawagi a sararin samaniya, wadanda kuma da a ce za a tara su wuri daya, za su iya zama duniya guda mai zaman kanta. To amma saboda nisan su da juna, ba za su iya haduwa su zama wata duniya ba, sai dai su ta yawo a tsakanin wasu duniyoyin; suna shawagi. Ire-iren wadannan buraguzai dai suna dauke ne da shara mai cakude da kasa, da buraguzan kankara, da wasu karikitai. Wannan shi ake kira Tauraruwa Mai Wutsiya (saboda tana dauke ne da wata yular wuta a bayanta mai tsawo, wanda ke samuwa a duk sa'adda ta yi shawagi a kusa da rana, sau daya cikin kowane shekaru saba'in da bakwai). Malam ya ce Tauraruwar Halley mai Wutsiya ba ita ce ta farko da ta fara kawo wa wannan duniya tamu ziyara ba, ya ce akwai wasu da yawa da suka ziyarce ta, irinsu Tauraruwar Cahautek mai Wutsiya wacce ta ziyarci duniyarmu cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1974.
Malam bai tsaya a nan kadai ba, sai ya ci gaba da bayanin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin duniyoyi (planets), da buraguzan duwatsu masu shawagi a falakin rana (asteroids), da taurari masu wutsiyar yular wuta (comets),da kuma buraguzan duwatsu masu fetso wuta a duk sa'adda suka fado cikin falakin wannan duniya ta mu (meteors). Inda ya ci gaba da cewa, "Ina fatan dai kowa ya san duniyoyin nan guda tara (nine planets): da Makyuri, da Benus, da Duniya, da Mas, da Jufita, da Satun, da Yuranus, da Neftun, da kuma Fuluto."Daga nan sai wani cikin dalibai ya tambaya, "Malam, shi kuma Wata fa? Ban ji ka ambace shi ba." Sai Malam ya ce, "Na sha gaya muku cewa shi Wata wani tauraro ne na musamman da aka halicce shi don ya rika hasko sararin wannan duniya tamu, sannan kowace duniya tana da nata tauraron da ya dace da yanayinta. Wasu ma taurarin nasu sun fi guda daya. Kai a takaice ma dai, akwai a kalla taurari guda sittin da daya a tsarin duniyoyin da ke sararin samaniya."Dangane da buraguzan duwatsu masu shawagi a falakin rana (asteroids) kuma, Malam Ali ya ce akwai wasu 'yan kananan buraguzan sararin samaniya masu yin shawagi a falakin rana, tsakanin falakin duniyar Mas, da na Jufita. Kananan buraguzan da ke ballowa daga jikin wadannan buraguzan duwatsu ne kan fado cikin falakin duniyarmu, dauke da wuta, kuma su ake kira "Meteorites" a harshen Ilmin Sararin Samaniya. Kai a takaice ma dai, da akwai buraguzai da yawa masu shawagi a sararin samaniya, wadanda babu wanda ya san daga inda suke fitowa, balle inda suka nufa. Ba komai ya kawo haka ba sai don ire-iren wadannan buraguzai ba su da takamammen lokacin da suke yin shawagi. A daya bangaren kuma, manya daga cikin wadannan buraguzai ne kadai ke yin shawagi a falakin rana.
Malam Ali ya sanar da mu cewa buraguzan da ke fadowa cikin falakin duniyarmu dai sun kasu kashi-kashi ne: akwai masu sifar duwatsu, da masu sifar duwatsu cakude da karfe, da kuma nau'in karfe zalla. Ya ce a duk shekara a kan samu buraguzai sama da dari biyar masu afkowa cikin falakin wannan duniya ta mu. Da Malam ya fahimci kamar mun fara shakka da mamaki kan abin da yake gaya mana, sai ya fara lissafa mana wuraren da ire-iren wadannan buraguzai suka fado. Ya ambaci nahirar Ostiraliya, da nahiyar Turai ta Tsakiya, da ma wasu wurare masu yawa. Amma duk da haka, sai da wani daga cikin dalibai ya dage sai an gaya masa lokacin da ire-iren wadannan abubuwa suka faru. Cikin hakuri da juriya Malam Ali ya ce, "A nan kasar Gana makwabtarka ma abin ya taba faruwa. Sannan kuma ga wawakeken ramin da ya shahara a garin Zhamanshin ta kasar Kazhastan (Zhamanshin Crater), mai zurfin kilomita gama sha biyar, shi ma wani buraguzan sararin samaniya ne ya samar da shi wajen shekaru kusan miliyan daya da suka gabata kenan yanzu." Nan take ya fara neman alli don ya kwatanta mana wannan al'amari a allon rubutu. Ai sai duk muka barke da dariya, don duk cikinmu babu wanda ya fahimci inda ya dosa da bayaninsa.
Bayan wani lokaci mai tsawo sannan muka fahimtar wadannan bayanai na Malam Ali kan buraguzan sararin samaniya da ke afkowa cikin sararin wannan duniya ta mu. Taurari masu yular wuta da muke gani suna cillawa cikin dare a nahiyarmu ta Afirka, duk ire-iren wadannan buraguzai ne masu shawagi a sararin sama.
Ni kaina na taba yin dacen ganin wani buraguzan sararin samaniya nau'in dutse mai cakude da karfe, wanda ya taba fadowa a garin Jingir da ke jihar Filaton Najeriya, shekaru sittin da suka gabata. Lokacin da ya fado a kan wata bishiya, nan take ya raba ta biyu, ya shige can cikin karkashin kasa. Sai bayan wani lokaci mutanen garin suka hako shi. Wani nau'in dutse ne mai inganci, wanda mutanen garin suka yi imanin cewa yana da wata tasiri wajen warkar da cututtuka.
Suka ce idan aka jika wannan dutse, ko aka jefa shi cikin randa, yakan sa ruwan yayi sanyi. Suna kuma riya cewa wannan dutse na fadowa ne daga tsawa, ko "gatarin aradu", kamar yadda suke kiranshi. Amma ni kam ban yarda da wannan ra'ayi ba. Al'amari makamancin wannan ya taba faruwa a jihar Jigawa cikin shekarar 2005. Duk da cewa ya zuwa yanzu babu wanda zai iya sanin inda wannan dutse ya fada, amma an ji kara da hargagin fadowarsa a wurare da yawa lokacin da abin ya faru. Shahararren Farfesan Ilmin Kasan nan, watau Marigayi Farfesa Ahmadu Abdulkadir da yayi zamani a jami'ar Bayero a Kano, ya tabbatar da cewa bargacen dutsen da ke shawagi a sararin wannan duniya ta mu (meteor)ne ya fado. Al'amarin da ya faru na baya-bayan nan shi ne wanda ya fado a wani kauye a jihar Sakkwato, cikin shekarar 2008.
Shi dai Malam Ali dan asalin kasar Pakistan ne, kuma Allah ya hore masa tsarin karantarwa mai matukar kayatarwa. Mutum ne mai kimanin shekaru hamsin, kuma kwararre ne a fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya. Na fa'idantu da ilmi mai dimbin yawa ta hanyar karantarwarsa. Har yanzu kuma ina tuna hujjoji guda biyar tare da hotunan zanen misalai da ya karantar da mu masu nuna cewa lallai wannan duniya tamu kamar kwallo take.
Daga cikin hotunan misalai da ya bamu wanda kuma har yanzu ban mancewa, akwai wanda daya daga cikin malaman Girka mai suna Erotosthenes ya zana don auna fadin wannan duniya tamu, ta amfani da fannin auna kusurwa(Trigonometry).
Malam Ali ya bamu labarin wannan bawan Allah mai suna Erotosthenes wanda ya auna fadin wannan duniya, tare da rana, da kuma wata. Ina iya tuna awon da aka yi don gano fadin wannan duniya tamu. Ya sanar da mu cewa Erotosthenes ya rayu ne a birnin Alezandariyya ta kasar Masar, tsakanin shekarar 276 – 196 BC. Erotosthenes ya gano cewa tsakanin birnin Alezandariyya da birnin Syene akwai tazarar nisan da ya kai fadin filayen kwallon kafa guda 5,000. Rana ta kan karkata daidai inda babbar rijiyar birnin Syene da ke yamma da birnin Alezandariyya take ne, a duk tsakiyar yini. Haka kuma ya lura wannan karkata nata na raguwa wasu lokuta da adadin tazara bakwai da digo biyu a ma'aunin fadin kasa (7.2°). Wannan ta sa Erotosthenes ya lura cewa, idan aka mike adadin tazarar fadin filayen kwallon kafa guda dubu biyar (5,000 stadia), daura da shacin kusurwa mai adadi bakwai da digo biyu a ma'aunin fadin kasa (7.2°), sannan a ninka wannan adadi sau dari uku da sittin a ma'aunin fadin kasa (360°), za a samu adadin fadin wannan duniya tamu. Sai kawai Erotosthenes ya shirya wannan ma'auni kamar haka: (5,000/7.2) x 360 = 250,000. Sakamakon wannan lissafi ya nuna cewa za a samu nisan tazarar filayen kwallon kafa guda 250,000 kenan. Nan take sai Malam Ali ya zana mana hoton wannan misali a allon rubutu don mu fahimci tsarin sosai.
Sai bayan lokaci mai tsawo na ci karo da wani littafi da Emiliani ya rubuta. A cikin wannan littafi ne na ga irin ma'aunin da Malam Ali ya yi amfani da shi wajen shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce. A cikin wannan littafi ne har wa yau na dada fahimtar cewa, babban filin wasan mota jiki guda daya, shi ne daidai da nisan kafa 600 a ma'aunin girka, wanda kuma ya yi daidai da mita 157.2 a ma'aunin zamani na Standard International (SI Unit) (shafi 78-9). Wancan adadi na fadin filin wasan kwallon kafa 250,000 da Erotosthenes ya binciko a zamaninsa, idan muka ninka shi zuwa adadin mita 157.2 da Emilian ya bayyana a littafinsa, zai bamu fadin kilomita 39,000 kenan. (watau: 250,000 x 157.2 meter = 39,000km).
A daya daga cikin darussansa kuma, Malam Ali ya karantar da mu cewa, daga cikin shahararrun masana fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya da Kimiyyar Kasa a karnin Musulunci akwai Abdur-Rahman ibn Khaldun. Amma abin mamaki, har na gama karatun Jami'a, ban taba jin an ambaci sunansa ba sai a ajin da aka karantar da mu Ilmin Zamantakewar Jama'a (Sociology). Masana fannin Ilmin Zamantakewar Jama'a duk sun yarda cewa Ibn Khaldun na daya daga cikin wadanda suka samar da wannan fanni a farko. Emile Durkaime, daya daga cikin shahararrun malamai a wannan fanni dan kasar Faransa, wanda kuma yayi aikin karantarwa a Jami'ar Sorbonne da ke kasar Faransa, bai samu shahara ba a fannin sai da ya karanta littafin Ibn Khaldun mai suna Muqaddima, wanda Taha Hussein ya fassara zuwa harshen faransanci.
Ni kaina sai cikin 'yan kwanakin nan na karanta littafin Muqaddima, wanda Franz Rosenthal ya fassara zuwa harshen Turanci a shekarar 1978. A cikin littafin ne na kara fahimtar cewa, bayan Erotosthenes da ya yi kokarin auna fadin wannan duniya tamu, Ibn Khaldun ma ya yi irin wannan kokari. Kuma duk da cewa ma'aunan da suka yi amfani da su wajen wannan lissafi sun sha bamban, amma sakamakon da suka fitar a karshen awon nasu duk daya ne.
Ibn Khaldun ya yi amfani ne da ma'aunin fadin kasa na 360°, inda kowane digiri guda ya yi daidai da parasang 25, kuma kowane parasang guda daya a matsayin zira'i 12,000 (12,000 cubits) yake, kuma zira'i 4,000 daidai yake da tsawon yatsun hannu 24. Kowane yatsa daya kuma daidai yake da tsawon kwayar alkama guda shida a jere. Don haka, sakamakon da Ibn Khaldun ya fitar bayan awon da yayi, daidai yake da wanda Erotosthenes ya fitar (dubi Rosenthal, 1978: shafi 49 – 53), duk da bambancin da ke tsakanin ma'aunansu. Rubuce-rubucen Ibn Khaldun na da alaka ta kai tsaye da rubuce-rubucen malaman Girka.
Rubuce-rubucen Ibn Khaldun sun samo tushe ne daga mahangar musulunci, duk da yake akwai wani bangare da ke dauke da ilmin falsafan girkanci. Domin a wurare da yawa yana yin ishara zuwa ga Ptolomy cikin bayanansa. Shi Ptology daya ne daga cikin manyan masana fanni Ilmin Sararin Samaniya na daular Girka, wanda kuma ya fito daga birnin Alezandariyya. Ya yi rayuwa ne tsakanin shekarun 127 – 150 CE. Sannan shi kanshi Ibn Khaldun ya ambaci yadda aka yi har ilmin falsafan girkanci ya garwayu da na Larabawa (Musulmai), inda yake cewa: "Ilmin kimiyyar al'ummar Girka ya shigo mana ne ta hanyar kokarin da Sarki Ma'moon yayi wajen fassara su (zuwa harshen larabci). Ya kuma samu cin nasara kan wannan aiki ne saboda mallakar kwararru masu aikin fassara da yayi, ya kuma kashe dukiya mai dinbin yawa wajen wannan aiki." (Rosenthal, 1978: 39)
Duk da cewa Ilmin Sararin Samaniya mai asali daga Girka ya shigo cikin daular larabawa, amma su ma sun yi kokari wajen habaka fannin kimiyya ta hanyar tunani da hazakarsu. Daga cikin wadanda suka taimaka gaya wajen habaka fannin Ilmin Sararin Samaniya a daular larabawa kuwa akwai Ya'qub ibn Is'haq al-Kindi, da Al-Mas'oodi, da Ibn Rushdi, da kuma Muhammad al-Idrisee. Wanda ya fara tsara hoton sifar duniya (Earth's Spheroid) shi ne Al-Idrisee. Shi ne kuma wanda ya samar da gamammniyar taswirar duniya (Globe) ta farko, a bisa umarnin Sarkin birnin Sicily na biyu, watau Roger II (Al-Faruqi, 1986: 334).
Bigiren Duniya a Sararin Samaniya
Bayan adadin duniyoyin da ake da su, har wa yau Malam Ali ya karantar da mu bigiren da wannan duniya tamu take, da kuma tsarin shawaginta a sararin samaniya. Ya ce tsarin sulmuya da shawagin da take yi a gewaye da rana ne ke haddasa tsawon yini da dare, da tsawon kwanakin shekara, da kuma bambancin yanayi a wannan duniyar da muke ciki.
Ya sanar da mu cewa wannan duniya tana gama cikakken gewaye daya ne daga bigiren da take, a cikin awanni ashirin da hudu; daga hagu zuwa dama. Sannan sai ta yi ta sulmuya cikin falakinta na tsawon kwanaki 365¼, a cikin shekara daya.Malam Ali ya ci gaba da cewa, wannan shawagi da take yi ne ke haddasa sauyin yanayin dare da yini, sulmuyan da take yi kuma ke haddasa sauye-sauyen yanayi. Ya kuma ambata mana gudunmawar da yawa daga cikin malaman Ilmin Sararin Samaniya wajen samar da wannan mahanga ta ilmi. Musamman gudunmawar Heracleides (388 – 315 BC), wanda ya ayyana cewa wannan duniya tana shawagi ne daga gabas zuwa yamma, inda take tafiyan fadin digiri 15 (15°) a duk cikin awa guda.
Malam Ali ya sanar da mu sunayen da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka bayar da gudunmawa cikin wannan fanni daga cikin malaman Girka; wasu ma ko iya tuna sunayensu bana yi, saboda tsawon zamani. Amma duk da haka, ina iya tuna takaddamar ilmi da ya ce ya taba faruwa a tsakanin malaman ilmin kimiyya. Daga nan sai Malam ya zana mana taswirar duniya a allon rubutu, don misalta mana yadda wannan duniya ta mu ke karkata zuwa ga jihar rana, daidai nisan digiri 23 (23°) a istawa'inta (Equator) tsakanin Majuyin Sard'ani (Tropic of Cancer) da kuma Majuyin Jadayi (Tropic of Capricorn) – watau tsakanin bangaren duniya daga Arewa, da kuma bangarenta daga Kudu – da kuma misali kan yadda kowane bigire ke samun hasken rana a lokutan shekara.
Malam Ali ya ce kafin masana su amince baki dayansu kan wannan ka'ida ta ilmi sai da aka samu takaddama mai girman gaske a tsakaninsu. Daga nan kuma ya bamu labarin manyan masana tsarin zance cikin Rumawa, irinsu Ceciro (106 – 43BC), da yadda shi ma ya yi ta kokarin kare nasa hujjojin.
Har wa yau, ya sanar da mu lokutan da dare ke tsawaita, ko gajarta (Solstices),da kuma lokutan da tsawon dare da yini ke zama daidai (Equinoxes) cikin shekara, ya kuma nuna mana cewa lallai karkatar da duniyarmu ke yi zuwa bangaren da rana take ne ke haddasa samuwar wadannan yanayin shekara guda biyu mabanbanta. "Idan duniya ta karkata zuwa ga rana a bangaren kudancinta, nan take sai a shiga yanayin zafi a bangaren, a bangaren arewaci kuma sai a samu yanayin dari." Haka kuma idan bangaren arewaci ya karkata zuwa jihar rana, nan ma za a samu yanayin zafi, a bangaren kudanci kuma a shiga yanayin dari.
Tazara, da Muhalli, da Lokaci
Watarana Malam ya shigo cikin ajinmu sai ya ce, "Cikinku waye ya saurari labarun duniya a tashar BBC a safiyar yau?" Kadan daga cikinmu ne suka daga hannayensu. Daga nan sai ya jefo tambaya, "Me ye tazarar da ke tsakanin Najeriya da birnin Landan?" Babu wanda ya sani. Sai ya ci gaba da hasashe yana cewa, "Watakila zai kai kilomita 8,000 daga birnin Kano." "Kuma duk da wannan tazara mai nisa," Malam ya ci gaba, "Mutanen birnin Kano na sauraron labarun BBC ne cikin kasa da minti guda daga lokacin da ake yada shi a can.Dalili kuwa shi ne, sauti na tafiya ne cikin tafarkin iska a kowane dakika; a dogon zango ne, ko gajeren zango. Wannan sauti na bin tafarkin maganadisun lantarki ne (Electromagnetic wave), wanda ya kunshi zango-zango na sadarwa; ya danganci irin tsarin aika sautin da ake amfani da shi." Malam Ali ya ce sauti ya fi yin tafiya mafi nisa a sararin samaniya, sama da wanda yake yi a cikin iskar wannan duniya, ko cikin ruwa, ko kuma wata ala, idan muka yi la'akari da wata ka'ida ta kimiyya mai cewa: V = 2xt-1 (Inda V = bigiren tafiyar sauti, x = tazara tsakanin bigiren aikawa da bigiren sadarwa, sai t = tsawon lokacin aikawa).
Daga nan ya fara neman inda birnin Landan yake a taswirar duniya da ke like a bango. Sai nan take ya ci gaba da cewa, "Haka kuma, idan ka dora akwatin rediyonka a saman Wata a misali, to ana iya sauraren labarun BBC a wannan duniya tamu cikin dakika guda da rabin dakika (1.5 seconds) a gajeren zangon sadarwa…" "To idan aka dora akwatin rediyon a saman Rana kuma fa?" wani ya jefo tambayarsa tun kafin Malam ya karasa bayani. Sai Malam ya ce, "Idan a saman Rana ne, sai ka yi minti 8 da rabi (8.5 minutes) kafin ka samu siginar sadarwa." "Ku sani," Malam ya ci gaba da jawabi yana girgida kansa, "Haske ya fi sauti gudu. Domin haske yana gudun tazarar kilomita 299,783 ne a cikin dakika guda (299,783km per second). Da a ce ana watsa labarun ta hanyar siginar lantarki ne, da za mu iya sauraren labarun BBC da ake watsawa a saman Wata a misali, cikin dakika guda da digo biyu (1.282 seconds) kacal, duk da cewa tazarar da ke tsakaninmu da Wata ya kai nisan kilomita 384,401 (384,401km)." Malam Ali ya sanar da mu cewa a duk safiya idan Rana ta fito, haskenta na cinma wannan duniya tamu ne cikin mintuna 4 kacal, duk da cewa tazarar da ke tsakaninmu da ita ya kai nisan kilomita miliyan 150 (150 million kilometres).
Nan take sai Malam ya doshi allon rubutu kafin a buga kararrawar hutun rabin lokaci, ya zana mana wani jadawali, yana mai cewa, "Ku yi riko da shi a kullum, dan gane tazarar nisa da ke tsakanin Rana da sauran duniyoyin da ake da su, da kuma ranakun da kowanne ke daukawa kafin ya gama cikakkiyar shawagi a falakinsa." Gama wannan bayani ke da wuya sai Malam ya kwashe komatsensa ya zuba a cikin jaka, daga nan ya bace mana da gani. A kullum nakan lazimci wannan jadawali, wanda kuma zan so ku ma ku amfana da shi:
Duniya
|
Tazarar Nisa Daga Rana (miliyoyin kilomita)
|
Tsawon Lokaci Kafin Ya Gama Gewaye
| |
Shekaru
|
Kwanaki
| ||
Makyuri(Mercury)
|
58
|
0
|
88
|
Zahara (Venus)
|
108
|
0
|
225
|
Duniya (Earth)
|
150
|
1
|
0
|
Marriha (Mars)
|
229
|
1
|
322
|
Mushtara(Jupiter)
|
777
|
11
|
315
|
Zuhal (Saturn)
|
1426
|
29
|
167
|
Yuranus (Uranus)
|
2870
|
84
|
7
|
Naftun (Neptune)
|
4495
|
164
|
284
|
Fuluto (Pluto)
|
5900
|
248
|
120
|
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