Gabatarwa:
Idan akwai wani yanayin dabi'ar aiki da jikin dan adam ke yawan
maimaita shi a dukkan lokuta da sa'o'in rayuwarmu, mai ban mamaki da al'ajabi,
wanda kuma bamu cika damuwa da sanin hakikanin yadda yake ba, to, shi ne bacci
da yadda mafarki ke aukuwa a yayin da dan adam ke halin yinsa a kan gado ko
tabarmarsa. Bacci wani yanayi ne mai ban al'ajabi; baka isa ka jawo
shi yazo da karfi ba. Idan kuwa har yazo ta sanadiyyar tilasta masa
da kayi, to, a karshe za ka ji jiki. Haka idan ya bijiro maka saboda
lokacin yinsa yayi, amma ka ki amincewa ku tafi tare, to, nan ma
za ka ji jiki bayan wasu lokuta. Shi ne dabi'a guda,
wanda idan kayi shi a lokacinsa, za ka samu karin kuzari da gyaruwar fahimta,
da kuma karin lafiya. Shi ne dabi'a guda, wanda ke raba ka da wannan
duniya ta gwagwarmaya, zuwa wata duniya mai kama da kawalwalniya, amma kuma a
galibin lokuta hakika ce. Shi ne dabi'ar jiki guda daya, wanda duk
mulkinka, duk kudinka, duk ikonka, duk talaucinka, duk koshinka, duk yunwarka,
duk malantarka, duk fushinka, duk farin cikinka, duk shagulgulanka, sai ka yi
shi idan ya bijiro - a tsaye ne, a jingine da bango ne, a kwance ne,
ko kana tafiya ne. Bacci, kamar yadda muka sanshi, wani tilasci ne
na dabi'ar halittar dan adam da wasu cikin dabbobi; idan lokacinsa yayi, dole
sai an dukufa.
To
amma, me ke haddasa bacci ne? Ta yaya jikin dan adam ke fahimtar
lokacin da ya kamata yayi bacci? Wani bangaren jikin dan adam ne ke
da alhakin wannan aiki? Shin, wai bacci ma nau'i nawa ne
tukun? Kuma meye bambancin da ke tsakanin nau'ukan baccin dan adam
da wasu halittu? Iya yawan kwanaki nawa ne dan adam zai iya jure wa kin
bacci bayan alamun baccin sun bayayya a tare da shi? Kuma meye
sakamakon cin bashin bacci (Sleep Debt) ga lafiyar jikin dan adam? A
daya bangaren kuma, idan dan adam ya lazimci bacci a iya lokutan da suka
kamata, wani alfanu zai samu wajen karin ingancin lafiyarsa? Shin,
tun yaushe malaman kimiyya suka fara bincike a kimiyyance kan yadda bacci
yake? Me suka gano? Meye har yanzu ya bace musu wajen
bincikensu? Ta wani bangare Al-Kur'ani ya tallafa wa malaman kimiyya
wajen hutar dasu ko kara musu kuzari don fadada bincike idan basu yarda
ba? Yaya mafarki yake? Shi ma me ke haddasa shi ne? An
gano hakan a kimiyyance kuwa? In eh, me aka gano? In a a,
me ya gagari masu binciken ne? Mafarki nau'i nawa ne? Me ya bambanta
su? Meye tallafin ilimin addinin musulunci wajen fahimtar hakikani
da yanayi da kuma nau'ukan mafarki? Sannan, a karshe mu ji tasirin
mafarki a rayuwar dan adam a mahangar addinin musulunci.
Wannan
kasida za ta tsawaita iya gwargwado, sannan za ta kunshi sakamakon binciken
malaman kimiyya na karni na 19 zuwa 21 (19th to 21st Century),
da irin kokarin da suka yi wajen neman gano hakikanin yadda bacci da mafarki ke
samuwa a rayuwar dan adam. Wannan bayani zai zo ne a mahangar tarihi
ko a sigar tarihi. Sannan za mu ta cin karo da zantukan manyan
malaman musulunci da na kimiyya, da kuma nassoshin Kur'ani da hadisai
ingantattu da suka shafi wannan maudu'i. Dalilin da yasa nake yawan yin wannan
shi ne don mu rika fahimtar cewa duk abin da Kur'ani ya tabbatar da shi a
kimiyyance, to haka yake. Idan malaman kimiyya sun gano
haka, fa ni'ima, idan sun kasa ganowa, wannan ba ya nuna cewa abin ba haka yake
ba; tsawon lokaci zai kaisu gare shi. Idan kuma Kur'ani ya kore samuwar
wani abu, to, ko an ce akwai shi, a karshe za ka ga ba hakikanin abin bane,
wani abu ne daban. Abin da wannan dogon zance ke nuna mana shi ne,
in dai kimiyya ya kama hanyar daidai, babu yadda za a yi ya saba wa Kur'ani,
sam ko kadan. Sannan kuskure ne musulmi yaji wani sakamakon binciken
kimiyya, mai ban al'ajabi, haka kawai ba tare da ya san ilmin Kur'ani da
Shari'a ba, ya karyata samuwarsa don kawai kwakwalwarsa na inkarin yiwuwar abin
a dabi'ance.
Malam
Bacci, Yaya Kake?
Bacci
wani yanayi ne na dabi'ar jiki, wanda ke da cikakkiyar alaka da ruhin dan adam
a lokacin samuwarsa. Idan mutum ya shiga halin bacci, dukkan gabobin
jikinsa da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na gani, da zance, da shaka, duk suna
kullewa; su daina aiki, face hanyar sadarwa guda daya. Nan gaba mai
karatu zai san dalili kan haka. A sadda dan adam ke halin bacci, yana numfashi,
amma kuma babu hakikanin zatinsa. Rashin samuwar hakikanin zatin
adan adam a halin bacci ne ke sa ya rasa wadancan hanyoyin sadarwa na jikinsa
face guda daya. A takaice ma iya cewa lallai bacci wani yanayin
dabi'ar jiki ne da ke tsakanin yanayin suma, da yanayin
farke. Ma'ana, wanda ke bacci ba a farke yake ba, domin ba shi da
cikakkiyar tsarin hankaltar yanayin da yake ciki, sannan kuma ba a sume yake
ba, domin yana numfashi ana ji. Wannan wani al'amari ne mai matukar
ban mamaki da al'ajabi.
Duk
da cewa zai yi wahala ace tun halittar duniya babu wanda ya taba bincike kan
wannan yanayi na dabi'ar jiki, amma abin da tarihi ya taskance mana a yau shi
ne kokarin da malaman falsafa, da malaman kimiyyar zamani suka yi tun cikin
karni na 19. Wannan kokari ya haifar da bunkasar bincike kan
hakikanin yadda bacci ke samuwa a mahangar kimiyya ta amfani da tsarin binciken
kimiyya na zamani, da kuma nassoshin Kur'ani kan yadda wannan lamari ke
samuwa. A halin yanzu ba wai a Jami'o'in kasashen yamma kadai ba,
hatta a wasu jami'o'in kasashen musulunci a yau, akwai Cibiyar Bincike na
musamman kan bacci (Sleep Research Center), a bangaren Fannin Ilmin Dabi'a
(Psychology). Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da ke nuna mana cewa lallai
bacci, hatta a mahangar binciken ilmi na zamani, an yarda cewa wani abu ne da
ke da alaka ta kut-da-kut da ruhin dan adam. Amma ta yaya abin ya
faro?
Binciken
Kimiyya a Karni na 19 (19th Century)
Karni
na 19 shi ne tsawon shekaru dari da suka faro daga shekarar 1800 zuwa
1900. A wannan lokaci ko karni an samu nau'ukan bincike na ilmi da
wasu malamai na kimiyya suka gudanar kan bacci da abubuwan da suka shafe
shi. A cikin wannan karni, abin da suka fi damuwa da shi kuwa shi
ne: meye hakikanin abin da ke haddasa bacci a jikin dan adam? Wasu
daga cikin masana suka ce ai cikowar jini ne a kwakwalwar dan adam ke haddasa
bacci. Wasu kuma a sakamakon bincikensu suka ce a a, karfin bugawar
jini ne a kwakwalwa. A nasu bangaren, wasu kuma suka ce rashin
samuwar jinin ne ma ke jawo wa dan adam bacci. Ma'ana da zarar jini
ya janye daga kwakwalwa nan take sai bacci ya kama mutum. To amma
wadannan sakamakon bincike basu dore ba, kamar yadda mai karatu zai gani nan
gaba.
Da
shekaru suka karu sai wani sakamako ya sake fitowa mai nuna cewa dan adam na
shiga halin bacci ne sanadiyyar wata iska da ke samuwa a kwakwalwarsa. Ko
gundarin kitse (Cholesterol) da ke haifuwa a kwakwalwar dan adam. Ko
kuma sanadiyyar wata sarrafaffiyar iska (Carbon dioxide) da ke taruwa a
kwakwalwar dan adam a lokacin yini, wajen kujuba-kujubarsa na rayuwar yau da
kullum. Suka ce idan wannan kitse ta taru, sai bacci ya rinjayeshi,
nan take sai ya kama bacci. Da zarar ya shiga halin bacci, a hankali
wannan kitse tana narkewa, har sai an rasa ta, daga nan sai ya
farka. Babban magana! Wannan sakamakon bincike shi ma bai
dore ba. Sai wani sabon sakamako ya bayyana, wanda ke nuna cewa
wayoyin sinadarar lantarkin sadarwar jikin dan adam (wato:Nervous
System) ke haddasa bacci, sanadiyyar sandarewarsu a lokacin da dan
adam ke bacci.
Ana
cikin haka sai wasu masu bincike suka ce sun gano bakin zaren. A
sakamakon bincikensu sun nuna cewa lallai ba kwakwalwa bane ke da alhaki dari
bisa dari, akwai wani yanayi ne a jikin dan adam wanda ke haddasa masa
bacci. Wannan yanayi malaman sun kira da suna Inhibitory
Reflex, ma'ana wani yanayi da ke samar da kansa, a wani lokaci na
musamman. Da tafiya tayi nisa sai masu wannan fahimta suka fadada
bincike, inda suka sake gano cewa wannan yanayi na kai-komo ne tsakanin bacci
da farkawa. Ma'ana, idan lokacin bacci yazo, sai yanayin farkawa ya
gudu. Idan lokacin farkawa yayi, sai yanayin bacci ya gudu, don
samar da yanayin farkawa. Wannan canji na yanayi, a cewarsu, yana
samuwa ne a kwakwalwa. Amma bayan wasu 'yan shekaru sai aka karyata
wannan tsarin tunani da bincike, shi ma. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne
daidai lokacin da aka gano matsayin Sandar jijiyar kwakwalwa (Brain Stem) wajen
haddasa bacci da farkawa, ba wai a cikin kwakwalwar ba. A shekarar
1836 kuma sai ga Charles Dickens da nashi sakamakon bincike, inda ya gano cewa
lallai gwarti ko minshari a lokacin bacci, na daga cikin matsalolin da wasu ke
samu a bangaren lafiya. Ma'ana, yin minshari ba wai dabi'a
ce ta musamman ga mai bacci ba, rashin lafiya ce ta musamman wacce ke bayyana
kanta a lokacin baccin.
Haka
dai lamarin ya ci gaba, malaman basu yi kasa a gwiwa ba. Tsakanin
shekarun 1845 – 1866 sai aka gano tasirin mahalli wajen haddasa
bacci. Masu wannan tsarin fahimta suka ce lallai akwai alaka mai
karfi tsakanin yanayin mahalli (hasken yini da duhun dare) wajen haddasa bacci
ga dan adam, da dabbobi, kai hatta shuke-shuke. Wannan sakamakon
bincike shi ya samar da wani fanni na musamman kan ilmin bacci mai suna Chronobiology. Ana
kara shekaru biyu gaba (wato a shekarar 1868), sai wasu daga cikin malaman
Daular Girka suka kunno kai da nasu sakamakon binciken. Wadannan
galibinsu malaman falsafa ne (Philosophers). Wanda yayi hobbasa na
farko shi ne Williams Griensinger, wanda ya gano yadda kwayar idon dan adam ke
jujjuyawa a lokacin da yake bacci, duk da cewa fatar idon a rufe
take. Wannan yanayin bacci shi ake kira Rapid Eye
Movement, ko REM a gajarce. Wannan
sakamakon bincike kam ya tabbata gaskiya ne, bayan samuwar na'urorin binciken
kimiyya na zamani, musamman Electroencephalogram (EEG). Daga nan
kuma sai binciken shahararren malamin fannin Falsafa mai suna Sigmund Freud,
wanda ya rubuta littafi na musamman kan fassarar mafarki mai suna Dream
Interpretation. A bangaren bacci, Freud ya gano cewa lallai
jijiyoyin jikin dan adam kan sandare ya kasa motsi. Wannan yanayi shi ake
kira Muscle Paralysis.
Har
zuwa karshen karni na 19, malaman kimiyya da ilmin dabi'a sun kasa fahimtar
tsarin da mai bacci yake ciki, da abin da ke haddasa shi bacci, a
hakika. A yayin da kowannensu ya saba wa dan uwansa wajen sakamakon
bincikensa, a daya bangaren kuma, duk sun dace a kan cewa a yayin da mutum ke
bacci, kwakwalwarsa tana daina aiki ne gaba daba daya. Kuskuren da
ke cikin wannan zance da fahimta nasu bai bayyana a fili ba sai da duniya ta
shiga karni na 20.
Binciken
Kimiyya a Karni na 20 (20th Century)
Har
zuwa karshen karni na 19 malaman kimiyya sun hadu kan cewa a lokacin da dan
adam ke bacci, da gangar jikinsa da kwakwalwarsa duk ba su aiki; a sake
suke. Wannan tunani da fahimta ta shahara sosai. Abin da
ya bambanta tsakanin masu bincike dai shi ne, me ke haddasa
bacci? Ko wani bangaren jikin dan adam ne ke da alhakin sa shi
bacci? Wanda kuma har aka shigo karni na 20 babu wani sakamako mai
gamsarwa.
A
farkon karni na 20 ne aka samu karuwar sanayya da budi wajen bincike,
sanadiyyar bunkasar ci gaba a fannin kere-kere, inda aka samu na'urorin gudanar
da binciken kimiyya da kiwon lafiya a duniya. A cikin kasidarsa na musamman
cikin shekarar 1922, Curt Richter ya bayyana sakamakon binciken da ya gudanar
kan wasu dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, inda ya kara tabbatar da cewa lallai
muhalli na da tasiri na musamman wajen sabbaba bacci ga dabbobi da
shuke-shuke.
A
shekarar 1929 kuma bincike ya tabbatar da cewa lallai kwakwalwar dan adam a
farke take a sadda yake bacci, sabanin yadda bincikensu ya nuna musu a karnin
baya. Wannan na daga cikin sakamakon binciken da suka shahara
matuka, musamman ganin yadda a karnin baya dukkan masana suka hadu kan cewa a
sadda dan adam yake bacci, kwakwalwarsa a tsaye take cak; ba ta
aiki. Wannan na cikin sakamakon binciken masanin kimiyya Johannes
Berger, inda yake bincike kan bambancin da ke tsakanin yanayin bacci da yanayin
farke a rayuwar dan adam. Sanadiyyar wannan bincike ne aka kirkiri
na'urar nazarin kwakwalwa mai suna Electroencephalograph (EEG) a
shekarar 1929 din dai. Daga nan kuma wasu masana suka yi amfani da
wannan na'ura wajen gudanar da bincike kan dan adam mai bacci, na tsawon wasu
lokuta. Wadannan masana dai su ne: Alfred Loomis, da Newton Harvey,
da kuma Garret Hobart, wanda sanadiyyar binciken ne aka gano matakan bacci da
dan adam ke bin cikinsu, a sadda yake bacci. Sun gano matakai guda
biyar ko nau'ukan bacci guda biyar, kamar yadda bayanai za su biyo baya nan ba
da dadewa ba.
Bayan
wannan hobbasa da aka yi, inda masana kimiyya da binciken dabi'ar dan adam suka
fara ganin haske cikin sakamakon bincikensu, a shekarar 1936, masani Erwing
Bunning ya sake gudanar da bincike kan dalilan da ke jefa dan adam wannan
yanayi dai. A sakamakon bincikensa ne ya gano cewa akwai wani agogo
na dabi'a, wato Biological Clock ko kuma Internal
Clock, da jikin dan adam ke amfani da shi wajen gano lokutan da suka
kamace shi zuwa bacci. Bayan wannan bincike sai ga wani masani mai
suna Parlor. Shi kuma ya gudanar da nashi bincike ne kan wasu
karnuka, inda ya gano cewa lallai har yanzu dai kwakwalwa kan daina aiki a
sadda dan adam ke bacci, sanadiyyar wasu sinadaran lantarki dake shigowa daga
babbar kafar sadarwar jikin dan adam, wato Central Nervous
System. To amma da tafiya tayi nisa sakamakon wannan bincike
nashi bai samu karbuwa ba, domin babu bayanai na sheda dake nuna haka a rubuce,
ko a kimiyyance.
Ana
cikin haka kuma sai ga wani sabon yanayi, wanda a cikinsa masana kimiyya suka
mayar da hankulansu gaba daya kan kwakwalwa, wajen neman dalilin da ke jefa dan
adam shiga bacci. Basu daddara ba dai. Wadannan masana
dai sun hada da: Von Economo, da Nathaniel Kleitman, da Horace Mogoon, da kuma
Ruth Rhines, inda suka gano cewa akwai alaka ta kut-da-kut tsakanin bacci a
bangare daya, da kuma gajiya da fahimta (raguwa ko kari ko kyautatuwarsa) a
daya bangaren. Bayan su, a cikin binciken su Gustav Kramer, da Klans
Hoffman, da kuma Colin Pittendrigh, sun tabbatar da cewa lallai akwai wata
cibiya ta musamman da ke lura da halin da dan adam ke shiga a lokacin
bacci. A shekarar 1960 ne dai masana kimiyya gaba dayansu suka
amince da wannan fahimta da bincike ya tabbatar da ita, cewa lallai akwai wata
cibiya ta musamman da ke jefa dan adam cikin halin bacci, da zarar lokaci ko
abin da ke haddasa shi ya yi. Wannan cibiya kuwa, kamar yadda
bayanai suka zo a baya, suna kiranta da suna: Biological Clock, ko Internal
Clock ko kuma Circadian Rhythm. Da wadannan ci
gaba aka fita daga karni na 20 zuwa karni na 21. Amma duk da haka,
bayani kan hakikanin bacci da yadda yake samuwa dai, ba a kai gare su ba.
Binciken
Kimiyya a Karni na 21 (21st Century)
Kafin
karni na 21, masana sun mayar da hankulansu ne wajen yanayin mai bacci, da
tsarin mafarki, da karin bincike kan nau'ukan bacci da dai
sauransu. Daga cikin sakamakon da suka samo, akwai bayanai kan:
matakan bacci (Sleep Stages), da agogon dabi'a (Biological
clock), da amfanin bacci, da cutarwar rashin bacci, da tasirin cin bashin
bacci (Sleep Debt), da tasirin mahalli kan bacci, da kuma bayanai
kan me ke haddasa bacci? Bayan dukkan wadannan bayanai, za mu dubi
mahangar addinin Musulunci kan bacci, da dukkan abubuwan da suka dandgance shi,
a takaice.
Matakan
Bacci
Sabanin
yadda tunaninmu yake, ba da zarar mutum ya kwanta yake shiga bacci mai nauyi
ba, sannan idan lokacin farkawa yayi, ba wai a hankali kawai baccin zai fara
saukaka, sannan ya farka ba. Wannan tunaninmu kenan na al'ada. Abin
da ya tabbatar da kuskuren wannan fahimta tamu kuwa shi ne binciken malaman
kimiyya kan yadda dan adam ke bacci. Duk da cewa bacci wani yanayi
ne, wanda ba wanda ya isa ya sanar da duniya halin da mai bacci yake ciki face
shi. In kuwa haka ne, to ta yaya masana kimiyya suka gano irin matakan da
mai bacci ke bi ta cikinsu a sadda yake bacci?
Sun
gano hakan ne ta hanyar bincike ta amfani da na'urorin kimiyya irin na zamani,
kamar Electroencephalograph (EEG) da bayaninsa ya
gabata. Wannan ne kashin bayan sakamakon galibin binciken da ake ta
yi kan bacci, musamman dangane da alakar dabi'a da gangar jikin dan adam a
sadda yake bacci. Abin da wannan na'ura take yi shi ne yin gejin
jujjuyawa da kai-komon abubuwan da ke cikin kwakwalwa wajen karuwa ko raguwa, a
sadda mai bacci yake bacci. Malaman kimiyya sun zana alamomi nau'uka
daban-daban, da irin abin da wadannan alamomi ke ishara zuwa gare su, wanda
na'urar ke nunawa a sadda take daukan hoton kwakwalwar mai bacci. Ta
sanadiyyar gudanar da bincike da wannan na'ura ne aka gano nau'uka ko yanayin
bacci guda biyu da kowane dan adam ke shiga cikinsu.
Bacci
Mai Nauyi
Nau'in
farko shi ne bacci mai nauyi, wanda malaman kimiyya suka kira da suna:Deep
Sleep, ko kuma Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)
Sleep. Sun kira wannan nau'in bacci da Non-Rapid Eye
Movement ne saboda idanun mai bacci, bayan kasancewarsu a rufe sadda
yake bacci, kwayar idanunsa a tsaye suke cik, ba su motsi. Wannan
shi ne nau'in bacci na farko, wanda ke dauke da yanayin bacci mai nauyi,
wato Deep Sleep. Wannan nau'in bacci yana da matakai
guda hudu.
Matakan
Bacci Mai Nauyi
Matakin
bacci mai nauyi na farko shi ne gyangyadi. Shi gyangyadi wani
yanayin bacci ne da ke tsakanin hakikanin bacci da farkawa. A halin gyangyadi,
mai bacci na iya fahimtar mahallin da yake, tare da jin sautin da mutane ke
fada, amma sama-sama. Idan mutum na halin gyangyadi, jijiyoyin
gabobin jikinsa kan fara sakewa, don karbar sabuwar yanayin da ke
tafe. Wannan shi ne matakin da masana kimiyya ke kira Light
Sleep. Da zarar an farkar da mutum daga wannan yanayi, yana ma
iya cewa ba bacci yake yi ba. Domin shi ne matakin da yafi kusa da
yanayin farke. Mai bacci kan kashe kamar minti 10 a wannan yanayi,
daga nan kuma sai ya shiga mataki na biyu.
Mataki
na biyu shi ne matakin baccin da numfashin mai bacci ke fara yin kasa, haka ma
bugawar zuciyarsa. Duk a wannan mataki suke fara yin kasa, suna
lafawa. Daga nan kuma sai yanayin zafi ko dumin jikinsa shi ma ya
fara sauka. Wannan shi ne matakin baccin da masana ke kira da suna True
Sleep. Wato bacci na hakika kenan. Duk wanda ke
yanayi irin wannan, da zarar ka ganshi ka san hakika bacci yake
yi. Idan ya kashe kamar minti 20 a wannan yanayi yana bacci, sai ya
shiga mataki na uku.
Wannan
mataki shi ne matakin da yanayin aikin kwakwalwarsa ke fara
sauyawa. Yanayin bugun kwakwalwarsa kan yi sama, sannan ya riga gangara
kasa, a hankali. Wannan tsarin bugawa shi ake kira Delta
Waves, kuma shi yasa ma wasu masana kan kira wannan mataki da
suna Delta Sleep. A wannan yanayi ne bugun zuciyarsa da
yanayin numfashinsa gaba daya suke yin kasa sosai. Idan ba a kusa da
shi kake ba, ba ka jin komai. Wannan, kamar yadda malamai suka ce,
shi ne zangon da ke tsakanin bacci na hakika da bacci mai zurfi ko nauyi. Kuma
shi ne galibin nau'in baccin mutane. Mai bacci kan kashe minti 30 a
wannan mataki kafin zuwa matakin gaba.
Mataki
na karshe, wanda shi ne mataki na hudu, shi ne bacci mai nauyi; ma'ana
hakikanin zangonsa kenan. Wannan shi ne yanayin da tsarin numfashin
mai bacci ke yin sama da kasa, kuma jijiyoyin gabobin jikinsa kan kara
sakewa. A wannan yanayi ne galibin kananan yara ke yin fitsarin
kwance. Idan aka farkar da mutum a wannan yanayi, yakan dauki 'yan
mintuna yana cikin magagi bai wartsake ba. Wadannan su ne matakan
bacci mai nauyi guda hudu, wadanda a cikinsu ne kwakwalwar mai bacci kan shiga
halin natsuwa, da kintsi, sannan bugun zuciyarsa yayi kasa da yadda ya saba
bugawa a lokacin farke. Da zarar mai bacci ya zarce na tsawon mintuna
25 zuwa 30, sai ya shiga nau'in bacci na biyu, wanda malaman kimiyyar dabi'ar
dan adam ke kira Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep.
Madaidaicin
Bacci
Wannan
shi ne nau'in bacci na biyu. Na kira shi da suna "Madaidaicin
Bacci" ne don bambance shi da "Bacci mara nauyi," wato matakin
bacci na daya da na biyu a karkashin nau'in bacci mai nauyi. Wannan
nau'in bacci na dauke da mataki daya ne kacal. Kuma shi ne matakin
da mai bacci ke afkawa cikinsa, mintuna 70 zuwa 90 da fara baccinsa. Idan
mai karatu na tare da ni, na sanar da shi cewa matakin farko a bacci mai nauyi
kan dauki mintuna 10 ne. Mataki na biyu kuma kan dauki mintuna
20. Mataki na uku kuma kan dauki mintuna 30. Sai kuma
mataki na hudu, wanda ke daukan mintuna 25 zuwa 30. Idan aka tara
wadannan mintuna, za a samu 85 zuwa 90. Da zarar mai bacci ya kai
tsawon wannan lokaci, sai ya shiga yanayin bacci madaidaici.
A
cikin wannan yanayi, kwayan idon mai bacci kan jujjuya, su rika motsawa daga
nan zuwa can. Wannan shi ake kira Rapid Eye Movement
(REM). Kuma shi ne abin da masu bincike suka hango tun cikin
karni na 20, ta hanyar wancan na'ura mai suna Electroencephalograph
(EEG). A cikin wannan yanayi ne kwakwalwarsa ke zama kar, ta ci
gaba da aiki sama da yanayin farko. A cikin wannan yanayi ne
jijiyoyin gabobin jikinsa ke sandarewa gaba daya, ya kasa motsi. A
cikin wannan yanayi ne har wa yau, mai bacci ke yin mafarke-mafarke nau'uka
daban-daban. An kuma gano hakan ne ta hanyar tambayar masu baccin da aka sa a
karkashin wannan na'ura ana lura da su a halin baccinsu. Duk wanda
yace ya yi mafarki, da zarar an duba sai a ga a sadda kwayan idanunsa ke
jujjuyawa ne a halin baccinsa.
Masana
sun kasa tantance dalilin da ke sa kwakwalwar dan adam zama a farke sosai, da
yin aiki sama da yadda take yi a farko, da jujjuyawan kwayan idanunsa, da kuma
yin mafarki. Har yanzu babu wanda ya dace da wani amsa karbabbe ga
kowa. Sai dai hasashe. Wasu sukan ce kwakwalwa kan kama
aiki ne sosai a lokacin saboda taimaka wa sauraron gabobin jikin dan adam samun
kuzari idan ya farka. Wasu suka ce dan adam kan yi mafarki ne saboda
kwakwalwarsa na tattauna al'amuran da suka faru ne a rayuwarsa sadda yake farke
lokacin yini. Yana daga cikin dalilan da ke sa kwayan idanunsa ke jujjuyawa
sadda yake bacci, don hangar abubuwa a cikin mafarkinsa. Wasu kuma
suka ce a a, kwayan idanun na jujjuyawa ne don gyatta mahallin zamansu, da kuma
kara giris a wuraren da ba su samun giris sadda mai jikin yake
farke. Har yanzu dai lalube ne ake yi a cikin gaibu. Kuma
ya zuwa wannan lokaci da nake rubutu, bincike na ci gaba da gudanuwa don
kokarin gano dalilan da ke haddasa wadannan al'amura.
Matakan
Bacci
Baya
bayani ya gabata cewa akwai nau'ukan bacci guda biyu; da bacci mai nauyi, da
mara nauyi. Mai nauyin, wanda Malaman Kimiyya ke kira Non-Rapid
Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep, yana dauke ne da matakai guda hudu. Da
gajeren bacci ko gyangyadi, kamar yadda na kira shi, da mataki na biyu wanda ke
dauke da bacci na hakika. Wannan shi ne matakin da malaman
kimiyya ke kira True Sleep. Har dai zuwa mataki na
hudun. Nau'i na biyu kuma shi ne madaidaicin bacci, wanda suka
kira Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep. A wannan mataki ne kwayan
idanun mai bacci ke jujjuya a sadda yake bacci. Sai dai kuma,
sabanin yadda bayanai suka zo, idan dan adam ya shiga bacci, matakan da yake bi
cikin baccin sun sha bamban. Ba wai daga gyangyadi yake farawa, daga
nan ya wuce matakan nau'i na farko, ya shiga na biyu, daga nan ya farka
ba. Abin ya wuce haka.
Da
zarar mutum ya kwanta bacci zai bi matakin farko na bacci mai nauyi, zuwa
matakin bacci na biyu, da mataki na uku, da mataki na hudu. Wannan
kan faru har na tsawon mintuna 90, kafin mai bacci ya shiga nau'in bacci na
biyu, wato madaidaicin bacci kenan. Idan ya shiga madaidaicin bacci,
zai ci gaba da yin bacci, kafin wani lokaci sai kuma ya sake dawowa matakin
bacci mai nauyi na uku, wato Delta Sleep kenan, kamar yadda
bayani ya gabata a baya. Daga nan ya sake gangarowa matakin bacci na biyu,
wato True Sleep. Da zarar ya kwashi mintuna 20 a wannan
mataki na bacci, sai kuma ya sake komawa nau'in bacci na biyu, wato nau'in
baccin da kwayar idanunsa za su rika jujjuyawa a ciki. Bincike ya
nuna cewa masu bacci kan maimaita wannan yanayi sau uku zuwa hudu a kowane
lokacin baccinsu, daga nan kuma sai su farka. Wannan ke nuna mana cewa,
bayan mai bacci ya wuce mataki na farko har zuwa na hudu, zai shiga yanayin
bacci madaidaici, daga nan sai baccinsa ya sake nauyaya, sanadiyyar komawa
mataki ba uku, daga nan kuma ya saukaka, sanadiyyar shiga mataki ba biyu, sai
ya sake komawa yanayi madaidaici. Wannan zai maimaitu kamar sau uku
ko hudu kafin farkawa. To me ke haddasa bacci ne?
Me
Ke Haddasa Bacci?
Wannan
tambaya ce da galibin masana suka ta kokarin amsa ta tsawon shekaru, amma har
zuwa wannan lokaci samun amsa gamsasshiya ya gagara. Wani mai tambaya
a yanar sadarwa ta duniya ya jera wasu tambayoyi kan asali da samuwar bacci ga
dukkan masu binciken kimiyya a duniya, wanda a cawarsa har yanzu sun kasa
amsawa. Yace me yasa, duk kwarewarsu a fannin kimiyya, da samuwar
hanyoyi da na'urorin sadarwa da binciken kimiyya a duniya, amma sun kasa gano
abin da ke haddasa bacci? Yace idan har da gaske suke yi a fanninsu
na bincike wanda a kanshi suka kware kuma aka sansu, me yasa har yanzu suka
kasa gano dalilin da yasa dan adam da sauran halittu ke bacci? Ta yaya
aka yi suka kera kumbo har suka je duniyar wata, suka jefa wasu kumbon nazari
da bincike zuwa wasu duniyoyin, suka gano cututtuka da yadda ake tiyata har ma
a cire zuciya a dasa wata, a cire koda a dasa wata, amma ga bacci, wanda dabi'a
ce da dan adam ya sifatu da ita, kuma shi ne abin da dan adam yafi yi cikin
kashi biyu na ukun rayuwarsa, amma sun kasa gano dalili da abin da ke haddasa
shi?
A
hakikanin gaskiya akwai alamar cewa lallai malaman kimiyya sun gaza a wannan
janibi. Farfesa Allan Rechtschaffin, babban malami a fannin bincike
kan bacci da yadda yake samuwa, wanda farfesa ne a Jami'ar Chicago da ke kasar
Amurka, ya kwashe shekaru 50 yana gudanar da bincike kan bacci yadda yake
samuwa da dukkan alamunsa. Amma da kansa ya sanar da mujallar New
York Times cewa, sadda aka masa tambaya kan dalilin da ke sa dan adam
ya shiga yanayin bacci, yace: "Wannan wani kalubale ne mai girma ga
malaman ilmin halitta (Biologists)." A wani wuri kuma da
tambaya makamanciyar wannan ta sake maimaituwa, sai ya sake cewa: "A
takaice dai, har yanzu babu wani bayani kan me yasa muke bacci; kawai muna yi
ne a duk sadda baccin ya dauke mu." Wannan kamar alamar gazawa ce, to
amma akwai da yawa cikin malaman kimiyya da ke ganin har yanzu bincike ake yi, kuma
ba a fid da rai ba.A hakikanin gaskiya dai gano hakikanin abin da ke haddasa
bacci abu ne mai wahala, domin alakar da ke tsakanin bacci da ruhin dan adam.
Agogon
Dabi'a (Biological Clock)
Duk
da cewa ba a gano hakikanin abin da ke haddasa dan adam bacci ba, cikin bincike
da ake yi an gano lallai akwai wani yanayi na dabi'a da ke cikin jikin dan
adam, wanda ke la'akari da yanayin mahalli, don tilasta wa jiki shiga yanayin
bacci. Wannan yanayin dabi'a kuwa shi ne abin da a turancin kimiyya
suke kiraBiological Clock, ko Circadian Rhythm. Wannan
yanayi tun cikin shekarar 1960 malaman kimiyya suka tabbatar da samuwarsa a
jikin dan adam. Wasu malamai kan kira shi Cibiyar Bacci, wato Sleep
Center, amma babu wanda ya san a ina yake a jikin dan
adam. Wasu na ganin a kwakwalwa yake. Sai dai wannan
hasashe ne. yanayi ne kawai gamamme, wanda ke amfani da mahallin da
dan adam ke rayuwa a ciki.
Malaman
kimiyya suka ce idan dan adam yana rayuwa a wuri, sai dare ko yamma ya shiga,
nan take dabi'ar halittar jikinsa zai fahimci canjin yanayi a muhalli. Daga
nan sai wannan agogon dabi'a ya tilasta wa jikin dan adam samar da
wani sinadari mai suna Melatonin wanda ke haddasa bacci nan
take. Da zarar gari ya fara wayewa kuma, jikin adam zai sinsini irin
canjin da ke faruwa a lokacin da gari ya fara wayewa, sai wannan sinadari
na Melatonin ya fara narkewa ko zagwanyewa, sai bacci ya kaura
daga idanun mai bacci, ya farka. Da zarar rana ta fito, ko an shiga lokacin
yini kuma, sai hasken rana ya hana wannan sinadari na Melatonin zuba.
Wannan abu ne mai kamar saukin fahimta, amma yiwuwarsa ya sha bamban da yadda
mai karatu ke karantawa ko hankaltarsa a zuciyarsa daga abin da yake karantawa
a yanzu. Domin na san yanzu haka wani zai ce ya aka yi wasu ke yin
bacci da rana? Wannan tambayar ma dai har yanzu tana jiran amsa.
Sabubban
Samuwar Bacci
Duk
da cewa malamai basu gano hakikanin abin da ke haddasa bacci ba, amma sun gano
sabubba da dama, wadanda ke da alaka na kut-da-kut wajen jefa dan adam cikin
yanayin bacci. Daga cikinsu akwai yawan gajiya. Kamar yadda masu
karatu suka sani, yawan gajiya kan sabbaba bacci. Abu na biyu shi ne
cin bashin bacci. Ma'ana, a rashin kwanciya a lokacin da ya kamata
mutum ya kwanta, wato lokacin da bacci ya bijiro masa kenan. Galibi
mukan sha shayin kahwa ko mu tauna goro don hana bacci zuwa, ko mu sha wasu
kwayoyi ko a mana allura. Duk wadannan kan hana bacci ne na wani dan
gajeren lokaci, amma ba har abada ba. Binciken malamai ya nuna cewa
cin wani abu ko shan wani abu da manufar hana bacci zuwa a lokacin da ya kamata
a yi shi, yana da cutarwa mai girma, sannan hakan kan canza dabi'ar jikinsa
(ma'ana agogon dabi'arsa) wanda ke bayuwa zuwa ga canza masa lokacin bacci.
Cin
bashin bacci, abin da malamai ke kira Sleep Debt, yana da illa
sosai, kuma kwashe tsawon yini ana bacci ba ya sa mutum ya biya bashin baccin
da ake binsa. Domin kuwa lokacin baccinsa ya riga ya canza, dole sai
ya sake tarbiyyar dabi'ar jikinsa wajen tilasta mata yin bacci a lokacin da ya
kamata yayi. Galibin masu gadi a lokutan dare kan samu matsalar
bashin bacci, musamman idan aka sake canza musu lokacin aiki zuwa rana.
Daga
cikin dalilan da ke haddasa bacci akwai yanayin mahalli, kamar yadda bayani ya
gabata. Da zarar yamma ya gabato, akan samu sauyin yanayin dabi'ar
jiki (Biological Clock), wanda hakan ke haddasa samuwar sinadarin Melatonin,nan
take sai jiki ya fara canza yanayinsa, daga farkawa zuwa kasalar da ke kai
mutum ga bacci. Daga cikin abin da ke canza yanayin zuban wannan
sinadari dai akwai yawan zama cikin duhu a kullum, da yawan zama cikin haske a
lokacin dare; duk suna canza yanayin zubansa.
Rashin
Bacci
Rashin
bacci matsala ne mai girman gaske ga dan adam. Domin yana rage
kaifin fahimta. Sannan dan adam kan shiga wani yanayi na rashin
daidaituwar kwakwalwa da fahimtar abubuwa. Rashin bacci kan taimaka
wajen yawan zuban sinadaran insulin a jikin dan adam, wanda hakan ke taimakawa
wajen haddasa yawan kiba a jiki Rashin bacci na haddasa yawan
mantuwa, domin kwakwalwa kan samu kanta ne cikin halin rudu. Bincike
ya nuna cewa rashin bacci na tsawon awanni 17 na iya haddasa nakasar darajar
fahimta a kwakwalwar dan adam da kashi 0.05%, iya gwargwadon abin da zai iya sa
mutum ya shiga halin maye idan ya sha barasa cikin moda biyu. Rashin
bacci na haddasa hauhawan jini ga dan adam, da kuma yawan kiba, kamar yadda
bayani ya gabata.
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